Thomas
Merton, Richard Foster, and a Sufi Master
lighthousetrailsresearch.com/blog Lighthouse Trails
author, February 4, 2017
“Richard J. Foster’s Celebration of Discipline: The Path to
Spiritual Growth is hailed by many as the best modern book on Christian
spirituality with millions of copies sold since its original publication in
1978.”—Publisher description
LTRP Note: Keep in mind three things as you read
this article: 1) a strong link exists between Thomas Merton and the evangelical
church, and that link is Richard Foster (author of Celebration of
Discipline); 2) Richard Foster once said Thomas Merton “stands as one of
the greatest twentieth-century embodiments of spiritual life as a journey”(1);
3) the current “Spiritual Formation” movement within Christianity was spawned
by Richard Foster and Dallas Willard, and both men were ignited by Thomas
Merton.
As you read this account of Thomas Merton, know that this
same spiritual outlook that is described below has entered the church in no
small way. Maybe it’s time you ask your pastor, “What do you think about
Richard Foster and Celebration of Discipline?”
By Ray
Yungen
What Martin
Luther King was to the civil rights movement and what Henry Ford was to the
automobile, Thomas Merton is to contemplative prayer. Although this prayer
movement existed centuries before he came along, Merton, a Trappist monk of the
Abbey of Gethsemani in Kentucky, took it out of its monastic setting and made
it available to, and popular with, the masses. I personally have been
researching Thomas Merton and the contemplative prayer movement for over 20
years, and for me, hands down, Thomas Merton has influenced the Christian
mystical movement more than any person of recent decades.
Merton penned one
of the most classic descriptions of contemplative spirituality I have ever come
across. He explained: It is a glorious destiny to be a member of the human race
. . . now I realize what we all are. . . . If only they [people] could all
see themselves as they really are . . . I suppose the big problem would be
that we would fall down and worship each other. . . . At the center of our
being is a point of nothingness which is untouched by sin and by illusions, a
point of pure truth. . . . This little point . . . is the pure glory of
God in us. It is in everybody. 2 (emphasis mine)
This
panentheistic (i.e., God in everyone) view is similar to the occultic
definition of the higher self.
In order to understand Merton’s connection to mystical
occultism, we need first to understand a sect of the Muslim world—the Sufis,
who are the mystics of Islam. They chant the name of Allah as a mantra, go into
meditative trances, and experience God in everything. A prominent Catholic
audiotape company promotes a series of cassettes Merton did on Sufism. It
explains: Merton loved and shared a deep spiritual kinship with the Sufis, the spiritual
teachers and mystics of Islam. Here he shares their profound spirituality.3
To further show
Merton’s “spiritual kinship” with Sufism, in a letter to a Sufi Master, Merton
disclosed, “My prayer tends very much to what you call fana.”4 So what is
fana? The Dictionary of Mysticism and the Occult defines it as “the
act of merging with the Divine Oneness”5 (meaning all is one and all is God).
Merton saw the Sufi concept of fana as being a
catalyst for Muslim unity with Christianity despite the obvious doctrinal
differences. In a dialogue with a Sufi leader, Merton asked about the Muslim
concept of salvation. The master wrote back stating: Islam inculcates
individual responsibility for one’s actions and does not subscribe to the
doctrine of atonement or the theory of redemption.6 (emphasis added)
To Merton, of
course, this meant little because he believed that fana and contemplation were
the same thing. He responded: Personally, in matters where dogmatic beliefs
[the atonement] differ, I think that controversy is of little
value because it takes us away from the spiritual realities into
the realm of words and ideas . . . in words there are apt to be infinite
complexities and subtleties which are beyond resolution. . . . But much
more important is the sharing of the experience of divine
light . . . It is here that the area of fruitful dialogue exists between
Christianity and Islam.7 (emphasis mine)
Merton himself
underlined that point when he told a group of contemplative women: I’m deeply
impregnated with Sufism.8
And he elaborated
elsewhere: Asia, Zen, Islam, etc., all these things come together in my life.
It would be madness for me to attempt to create a monastic life for
myself by excluding all these. I would be less a monk.9 (emphasis mine)
When we evaluate
Merton’s mystical worldview, it clearly resonates with what technically would
be considered traditional New Age thought. This is an inescapable fact!
Merton’s mystical experiences ultimately made him a
kindred spirit and co-mystic with those in Eastern religions because his
insights were identical to their insights. At an interfaith conference in
Thailand, he stated: I believe that by openness to Buddhism, to Hinduism, and
to these great Asian [mystical] traditions, we stand a wonderful chance of learning
more about the potentiality of our own Christian traditions.10
Please understand
that contemplative prayer alone was the catalyst for such theological views.
One of Merton’s biographers made this very clear when he explained: If one
wants to understand Merton’s going to the East it is important to understand
that it was his rootedness in his own faith tradition [Catholicism] that gave
him the spiritual equipment [contemplative prayer] he needed to grasp the way
of wisdom that is proper to the East.11
This was the ripe
fruit of the Desert Fathers, the ancient monks who borrowed mystical methods
from Eastern religion, which altered their understanding of God. This is what
one gets from contemplative prayer. There is no other way to put it. It does
not take being a scholar to see the logic in this.
(This is an excerpt from Ray Yungen’s book, A Time
of Departing.)
Endnotes:
1. Richard Foster, Longing for God: Seven Paths of
Christian Devotion (InterVarsity Press, 2009), p. 84.
2. Thomas Merton, Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday Publishers, 1989), pp. 157-158.
3. Credence Cassettes magazine, Winter/Lent, 1998, p. 24.
4. M. Basil Pennington, Thomas Merton, My Brother (Hyde Park, NY: New
City Press, 1996), p. 115, citing from The Hidden Ground of Love), pp.
63-64.
5. Nevill Drury, The Dictionary of Mysticism and the Occult (San
Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1985), p. 85.
6. Rob Baker and Gray Henry, Editors, Merton and Sufism (Louisville,
KY: Fons Vitae, 1999), p. 109.
7. Ibid., p. 110.
8. Ibid., p. 69.
9. Ibid., p. 41.
10. William Shannon, Silent Lamp, The Thomas Merton Story (New York,
NY: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1992), p. 276.
11. Ibid., p. 281.