COMMUNION
GotQuestions.org: "Why is there so much disagreement
about holy communion?"
Holy communion or the
Lord’s Supper (also known in some
churches as the Lord’s Table or the Eucharist) is a source of significant
disagreement within the church as a whole. What’s agreed upon is found clearly
in Scripture: communion was instituted by Jesus during His last supper with His
disciples. During that time, He served them bread and “the cup.” He told them
that these elements were His body and blood (
Matthew 26:26–28;
Mark 14:22–24). He also instructed them to
repeat the ceremony in remembrance of Him (
Luke 22:19).
Disagreements over holy communion stem
from many questions: Was Jesus speaking of His body and blood figuratively or
literally, or were His words a mystical combination of the figurative and
literal? How often is the church to observe communion? Is the Eucharist a means
of grace or simply a memorial? What was in the cup—fermented wine or
unfermented grape juice?
Because Jesus did not give specific,
step-by-step instructions regarding the ritual, naturally, there is some
conflict about the hows and wheres and whens, and what exactly the bread and
wine represent. There are arguments about whether or not the elements actually
become the blood and body of Christ (the Catholic doctrine of
transubstantiation), whether they somehow
contain His Spirit (Luther’s doctrine of
consubstantiation), or whether the wine and
bread are simply symbols of His body and blood. There are differing opinions
about the liturgy that should be spoken and whether or not confession should be
part of the ritual. Denominations differ on the frequency of the communion, how
it should be performed, and by whom.
There are four biblical accounts of
Jesus’ last supper with His disciples, three in the Synoptic Gospels and one
in
1 Corinthians 11:23–34.
When we look at these accounts in combination, we know the following:
1. During the Passover meal, Jesus
blessed, broke, and offered bread to His disciples, saying, “Take eat, this is
my body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.”
2. He also passed around a cup, telling
them to divide it among them: “This cup that is poured out for you is the new
covenant in my blood, poured out for many, for the forgiveness of sins.” He
also instructed all of them to drink it.
3. It was during this last meal that
Jesus mentions that one of His disciples would betray Him.
4. Jesus says He will not drink of the
fruit of the vine again until He drinks it anew with His followers in the
Father’s kingdom.
As He instituted the Lord’s Supper,
Jesus was focused on the spiritual relationship between Himself and His
disciples. He did not provide particulars of how or when or where or by whom
the elements should be served, and, therefore, different churches have some
freedom to decide those details for themselves. For example, whether a church
observes communion once a week or once a month is not really important.
However, other disagreements over
communion are theologically significant. For example, if partaking of the
Lord’s Table is necessary in order to receive grace, then grace is not really
free and must be earned by deeds we perform, in contradiction of
Titus 3:5. And, if the bread is
actually the
body of Christ, then the Lord is being sacrificed again and again, in
contradiction of
Romans 6:9–10. These matters are significant
enough to have divided the church through the years and actually became an
issue of contention during the Protestant Reformation.
Understanding that we are saved by
grace, through faith, apart from works (
Ephesians 2:8–9) and considering Jesus’ words
concerning the elements of communion to be figurative, we focus on the beauty
of the new covenant (
Matthew 26:28) brought
into effect by Jesus’ own blood. We remember His sacrifice for us as often as
we partake of the Lord’s Table (
Luke 22:19). And we look forward to once again
sharing the cup with Christ in the kingdom of God (
Matthew 26:29;
Mark 14:25;
Luke 22:18).